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AbstractThis article contributes to an emerging scholarly debate over the support displayed by key Azhari ʿulamaʾ for the 3 July 2013 coup in Egypt and the subsequent massacres of anticoup protesters. I focus on the Islamic legal justifications articulated by the former grand mufti of Egypt ʿAli Jumʿa, which academics have contextualized primarily in relation to quietist precedents from late medieval Islamic political thought or his Sufi background. By contrast, I consider Jumʿa's justifications as representative of a nationalist discourse that has its historical origins in the protonationalism of Rifaʿa al-Tahtawi (d. 1873). My argument has wider implications for our conceptualization of the contemporary Islamic tradition. If, as scholars have argued, the Islamic tradition is a framework for inquiry rather than a set of doctrines, then in the 19th century a concern for the nation and its future became a key part of that framework. I contend that these additions came to redefine the worldview and politics of the ʿulamaʾ in terms of national progress and its horizon of expectations.

This article aims to explore emerging trends for the Sunni religious elite and the Islamic legal tradition in the new context of the Arab Uprisings by focusing on Yusuf al-Qaradawi, arguably the most prominent of these ʿulamāʾ alive today. The article will follow al-Qaradawi's articulation, transmission and reconstruction of the Islamic legal tradition in his own discourse as he has attempted to negotiate the politically fraught contexts of the Arab Uprisings while also maintaining his horizontal commitments to a diverse base of supporters be they the wider Arab Muslim public, the Muslim Brotherhood or indeed the Qatari royal family. The article will focus on al-Qaradawi's highly publicised interventions and fatwas in relation to Egypt, Libya, Bahrain, and Syria from the perspective of Islamic studies, and also draw on personal interviews with al-Qaradawi, his personal staff, as well as supplementary media. In so doing, the article will elucidate al-Qaradawi and his colleagues' attempts, ranging from the highly creative to the markedly conservative, to respond to unfolding events through the legal tradition and play an increasingly active role in the public sphere while their own status simultaneously becomes ever more vulnerable and unstable.

Subjects viewed projected slides of a downtown city area and attempted to find on a map the location at which they would be standing to see each view. Plan and oblique maps were used. As expected, performance using the plan map was significantly better when the map was used in alignment with the view than when it was misaligned. This issue is more complex with the oblique map, because S often has to choose between using the map in alignment with the view and using the map in its upright orientation. Performance was significantly better when the map was used in map-view alignment. However, Ss preferred to use the map in an upright-but-misaligned orientation rather than a non-upright-but-aligned orientation, despite the fact that their performance was much worse in the former case.

Research methodology is discussed in the context of the nature of the knowledge that is needed about visually impaired children. Traditional "average-oriented" research designs are criticized, as are designs which compare visually impaired and sighted subjects. Emphasis is instead placed on multivariate designs, oriented to individual differences. A "hierarchical" research model is proposed for future research, involving integration of etiological, evaluative, and functional levels. Finally, the argument is made for the need for an intensive longitudinal developmental study of visually impaired children.

An examination of the research models used extensively with the blind child and various kinds of methodological weakness that decrease the value of research. Specific problems areas discussed include subject size and description, statistical methods, random selection problems, control groups. Finally, a research model for the future is proposed. The model is hierarchical, that is, research on a characteristic that includes attention to etiology and real-life behavior along with evaluation. Finally, some remaining problems are discussed.

Support for the hypothesis that the early visual experience of adventitiously blind persons gives them a visual frame of reference after the onset of blindness is found in studies of tactual form discrimination and finger maze learning and in experiments involving "extended space." The length of early visual experience is an important factor and is related to the progressive establishment of cross-modal correspondences in the early months of life.

This quick study will trace on-going evolutions in the thought of the Egyptian Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi and his "School of the Middle Way" or al-Madrasa al-Wasaṭiyya over the period 1985 to 2010. While al-Qaradawi's early work on the citizenship status of non-Muslims was neo-traditionalist in that it advocated retaining the dhimma system, a minority citizenship model based on differential rights and responsibilities which emphasises communal autonomy for minorities within a sharīʿa regime for the Muslim majority, we will show that he has since moved away from this position and is actively engaged in the process of developing an innovative and inclusive theory of "Islamic Citizenship" that endows non-Muslims with equal civil and political rights and responsibilities.

Two hypotheses were based on previous research with simple path maps and you-are-here maps. First, when given a choice, observers prefer to align a map with the environment that it represents; second, performance on way finding tasks is better when the map is aligned than when it is not aligned with the environment. This latter phenomenon is called the map alignment effect. Both hypotheses were strongly supported in two experiments conducted in a relatively structured environment using four-segment paths. A third experiment was conducted in a larger, wooded, hilly environment. The observers carried the map and consulted it at will while finding a route from a starting point to a goal. In this setting, both hypotheses again found support. Observers did not consult the map at every turn, but when they did, they turned the map into map/environment alignment on two thirds of the instances. Errors occurred with greater frequency when the map was not aligned with the environment. The generality of the map alignment effect was thus demonstrated for larger and more complex environments than have previously been studied and with more naturalistic map-use procedures than have been used. Finally, there was clear evidence that observers acquired incidental knowledge about the spatial structure of the environment while using a map to negotiate the environment, despite the fact that there was no explicit requirement to learn. Questions remain about the nature of the learning and retention of information so acquired.